An Online Reference Guide to African American History
Quintard Taylor
Scott and Dorothy Bullitt Professor of American History
University of Washington, Seattle
An Online Reference Guide to African American History
Quintard Taylor
Scott and Dorothy Bullitt Professor of American History
University of Washington, Seattle
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BLACK PAST.ORG: Remembered & Reclaimed
(Press Release) BlackPast.org Opens World of Black History to the World of Internet Users
BlackPast.org Board of Directors
BlackPast.org, an online reference center makes available a wealth of materials on African American history in one central location on the Internet. These materials include an online encyclopedia of over 1,500 entries, the complete transcript of over 125 speeches given between 1789 and 2008, over 100 full text primary documents, bibliographies, timelines and four gateway pages with links to 50 digital archive collections. Additionally 75 major African American museums and research centers and over 400 other website resources on black history are also linked to the website. The compilation and concentration of these diverse resources allows BlackPast.org to serve as the "Google" of African American history.
BlackPast.org brings the resources of African American history into every classroom in the world. It also makes every computer, regardless of its location, a classroom in African American history.
OUR VOLUNTEER TEAM
| Quintard Taylor Seattle, Washington |
Website Director | |
|
Debbie McNally Seattle, Washington |
Webmaster | |
| Jamila Taylor Seattle, Washington |
Marketing / Fund Development |
|
| George Tamblyn Mercer Island, Washington |
Website Content Specialist/Technical Advisor | |
|
Catherine Foster Olympia, Washington |
Senior Website Content/Style Editor | |
| Tisa Anders Denver, Colorado |
Grant Writer | |
| Galen Schroeder Fargo, North Dakota |
Website Indexer |
|
| Robert Fikes San Diego, California |
Content Specialist |
|
| Adrienne Wartts St. Louis, Missouri |
Copy Editor | |
| Carla Garner Barrington, Illinois |
Copy Editor | |
|
Bryce Holland Seattle, Washington
|
Legal Advisor |
|
| Camille Stuppard Seattle, Washington |
High School Intern | |
|
Lexi Fitzgerald
Nate Garner Barrington, Illinois
|
High School Intern |
OUR DESIGN TEAM - GripMedia.Net
| Jerry Chrisman Portland, Oregon |
Web Site Producer/Drupal Architect | |
|
Theresa Pridemore |
Senior Graphic Designer |
|
| Elizabeth Boyd-Flynn Portland, Oregon |
Information Architect | |
| Special thanks to: Lamont Wilkins, Nicholas Brandon, Carrie Cox and Pete Hamre for all their assistance in the site building and content transfer. Special thanks to Bill Fitzgerald and Marc Poris of FunnyMonkey for their technology consulting. | ||
Online Encyclopedia Contributors:
| Contributor Name: | Affiliation: |
|---|---|
| Adair, Zakiya | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Adams, Luther | University of Washington, Tacoma |
| Adejumobi, Saheed A. | Seattle University |
| Adeleke, Tunde | Iowa State University |
| Agee, Heather | Berea College |
| Alexander, Justice Gerry | Supreme Court of the State of Washington |
| Ali, Omar H. | Towson University |
| Amica, Jedidiah I. | Berea College |
| Anacker, Caelen | Montana State University |
| Anders, Tisa M. | Independent Historian |
| Anderson, Erica Lee | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Anderson, Meg | Independent Historian |
| Anderson, Susan | Independent Historian |
| Appiah, Kwame Anthony | Princeton University |
| Armitage, Susan | Washington State University |
| Asukile, Thabiti | University of Cincinnati |
| Atiyah, Donnette Hatch | Independent Historian |
| Austin, Hilary Mac | OneHistory.org |
| Baadom-Piaro, Bemene | Berea College |
| Bacharach, Jere L. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Baker, John | Independent Historian |
| Baldasty, Gerald J. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Banks, James A. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Banks, William | University of California, Berkeley |
| Barnett, Douglas Q. | Independent Historian |
| Barr, Alwyn | Texas Tech University |
| Barton, Corey | Berea College |
| Bartoy, Kevin M. | The Hermitage, Nashville, Tennessee |
| Baskin, Andrew | Berea College |
| Bastien, Eliot | Independent Historian |
| Bauman, Robert | Washington State University, Tri-Cities |
| Behan Barbara C. | Independent Historian |
| Benton, Judge Monica J. | King County Superior Court |
| Berlin, Ira | University of Maryland, College Park |
| Bernard, Ian | Independent Historian |
| Bernard-Bastien, Sandra | Independent Historian |
| Bernardo, Joseph | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Beverton, Alys | University of Sussex (England) |
| Bilow, Ali | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Birzer, Dedra McDonald | Hillsdale College (Michigan) |
| Black, Janine | Temple University |
| Blakely, Allison | Boston University |
| Bletson, Dyshauntic | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Blue, Christopher T. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Blyden, Ruth | Berea College |
| Bond de Pérez, Zanice | University of Kansas |
| Boydston, Cassandra | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Brackett, John K. | University of Cincinnatti |
| Bragg, Susan | Binghamton University |
| Brenton, Felix | University of Sussex (England) |
| Brose, Kathleen | Independent Historian |
| Broussard, Albert | Texas A&M University |
| Broussard, Antoinette | Independent Historian |
| Brown, Amy | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Bullock, James | Independent Historian |
| Burnett, Lucy | Independent Historian |
| Bush, Lawson | California State University, Los Angeles |
| Butler, Gerry | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Byarlay, Ryan | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Cady, Daniel | California State University, Fresno |
| Cairns, Kathleen | California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo |
| Campbell, Brent | University of Washington, Seatttle |
| Campbell, Cory | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Carr, Taylor | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Carson, Clayborne | Stanford University |
| Charles, Secret | Antioch University, Seattle |
| Cheam, Bunthay | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Cho, Nancy | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Christensen, Stephanie | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Cole, Peter | Western Illinois University |
| Coleman, Ronald G. | University of Utah |
| Coleman, Willie | University of Vermont |
| Collins, Sibrina | College of Wooster |
| Collisson, Craig | Metropolitan State University, Denver |
| Cotkin, George | California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo |
| Cousins, Emily | University of Bath, England |
| Crawford, Jeff | Butte College |
| Crowder, Ralph L. | University of California, Riverside |
| Cruickshank, Robert | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Cunningham, Valerie | Independent Historian |
| Curry, Andrew | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo | Michigan State University |
| Dailey, Jr., Maceo Crenshaw | University of Texas, El Paso |
| Daniels, Douglas Henry | University of California, Santa Barbara |
| Davis, LaQuantae | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Davis, Robert "Bob" | North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State Univ. |
| Dhadon, Dhadon | Berea College |
| Diaz, Ed | Association for African American Historical Research and Preservation (AAAHRP) |
| Díaz, Sara | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Diouf, Sylviane Anna | Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture |
| Eaton, Amber | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Eaton, Kalenda | Armstrong Atlantic State University |
| Eckford, Wendel | Los Angeles City College |
| Eddins, Crystal | Michigan State University |
| Engledew, Devin John | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Erbach, Elizabeth | Berea College |
| Erickson, Shannon | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Escamilla, Luis | Independent Historian |
| Espiritu, Allison | Independent Historian |
| Essington, Amy | California State University, Long Beach |
| Evans, Marissa K. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Faal, Courtney | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Farley, Lauren E. | Berea College |
| Fawthrop, Elizabeth | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Fearn-Banks, Kathleen | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Fenison, Jimmy B. | Independent Historian |
| Fenner-Dorrity, Evelyn | Independent Historian |
| Fikes, Robert | San Diego State University |
| Fletcher, Phyllis | Independent Historian |
| Foster, Catherine D. (Kay) | Independent Historian |
| Franz, Alyssa | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Gallaher, Rachel | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Garner, Carla W. | Independent Historian |
| Gasanabo, Jean-Damascene | UNESCO Consultant |
| Gates, Henry Louis Jr. | Harvard University |
| Glasrud, Bruce | Independent Historian |
| Goldman, Henry | Independent Historian |
| Goldman, Marion | University of Oregon |
| Goodloe, Trevor | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Granberry, Dorothy | Bridges Research |
| Granshaw, Michelle | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Graveline, Rose Mary | University of Vermont |
| Gregory, James | Univeristy of Washington, Seattle |
| Grinde, Jr., Donald | State University of New York at Buffalo |
| Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo | Rutgers University, New Brunswick |
| Handel, Heather | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Hansen, Moya | Colorado Historical Society |
| Hardaway, Roger | Northwestern Oklahoma State University |
| Harding, Lakeisha | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Harris, Trudier | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill |
| Hassan, Amina | Independent Historian |
| Hauck, Janet | Whitworth College |
| Helm, Matt | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Hendrix, Janie L. | Independent Historian |
| Henry, Mary | Independent Historian |
| Henry, Victor Jr. | Berea College |
| Hersey, Mark D. | University of Kansas |
| Heung, Camille | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Hill, Anthony Duane | Ohio State University |
| Hill, Stephen | Independent Historian |
| Hinger, Charlotte | Independent Historian |
| Hoffman, Brian Gene | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Hornsby, Jr., Alton | Morehouse College |
| Hornsby-Gutting, Angela | University of Mississippi |
| Hudson, Rob | Carnegie Hall |
| Hughes, John | Independent Historian |
| Hunt, Chuck | National Park Service |
| Hunter, Max | Seattle Pacific University |
| Hurst, Ryan | Independent Historian |
| Hurt, Leslie | North Carolina Central University |
| Irons, Stasia Mehschel | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Ito, Gail | Independent Historian |
| Jack, Bryan | Winston-Salem State University |
| Jackson, Errin | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Jackson, Miles M. | University of Hawaii |
| Jefferson, Robert F. | Xavier University (Ohio) |
| Jeffrey, Kendra | Northwest African American Museum, Seattle |
| Johns, Barbara | Independent Historian |
| Johnson, Christopher | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Johnson, Karen | Bigelow House Museum, Olympia, Washington |
| Johnson, Richard | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Johnson, Robert Lee | Independent Historian |
| Johnson, Tekla Ali | Johnson C. Smith University |
| Johnson, Willard R. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| Johnson, Wilma J. | Independent Historian |
| Jonas, Ray | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Jones, Ashley | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Jones, Howard J. | Independent Historian |
| Jones, Robin | Independent Historian |
| Jones-Sneed, Frances | Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts |
| Jordan, Karen | Independent Historian |
| Joshel, Sandra | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Juantuah, Kwadwo | Berea College |
| Juarez, Andrea | Independent Historian |
| Karenga, Tiamoyo | Kawaida Institute of Pan-African Studies, Los Angeles |
| Kastner, Charles | Independent Historian |
| Katz, William L. | Independent Historian |
| Kaubisch, Barret | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Kaul, Abhinav | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Kealoha, Samantha Nicholas | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Keller, David | Independent Historian |
| Kelly, James | CEO, Seattle Urban League |
| Kemezis, Kathleen | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Kent, W. Mae | Independent Historian |
| Kilian, Crawford | Capilano College |
| Kindig, Jessie | University of Washington, Seattle |
| King, Donald | Independent Historian |
| Kirkendall, Richard S. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Knight, Stephanie | Antioch McGregor University |
| Kreiger, Caroline | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Kuklick, Bruce | University of Pennsylvania |
| Kyriacopoulos, Konstantine A. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Lacey, Marlette C. | Independent Historian |
| Lane, Haley | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Lang, William | Portland State University |
| Langford, James | |
| Large, Jerry | Seattle Times |
| Larsen, Julia Henning | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Lawson, Jacqueline | Black Genealogy Research Group |
| Lawson-Borders, Gracie | University of Wyoming |
| Lee, Allen L. | Independent Historian |
| Leiker, James | Johnson County Community College, Kansas |
| Leonard, Kevin | Western Washington University |
| Leslie, Karani | Independent Historian |
| Lewis, Carole Ione | Independent Historian |
| Lohse, Bill | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Long, Priscilla | HistoryLink.org |
| Lowe, Turkiya | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Lucas, Shu-chen | Washington State University, Tri-Cities |
| Macauley, Stephen Nathaniel | University of Utah |
| MacDonald, Meg Meneghel | Independent Historian |
| Mack, Dwayne | Berea College |
| Mack, Felicia | Berea College |
| Malcolm, Tavis Alan | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Mangun, Kimberley | University of Utah |
| Manos, Nick | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Mars, Shaun Michael | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Marshall, Valin G. | British Columbia Black History Awareness Society |
| Martinez, Eligio Jr. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Martins, Ana Nina | Independent Historian |
| Massey, Sara R. | Independent Historian |
| Mathies, Stephanie | Berea College |
| Matin, Khadijah | Independent Historian |
| McClendon III, John H. | Michigan State University |
| McCurdy, Devon | University of Washington, Seattle |
| McGee, Jr., Henry | Seattle University |
| Mchie, Benjamin | AfricanAmericanRegistry.com |
| McKibbon, Carol Lynn | Stanford University |
| McLagan, Elizabeth | Portland (Oregon) Community College |
| McLean, Polly | University of Colorado at Boulder |
| McNally, Deborah | University of Washington, Seattle |
| McWhorter, John H. | Manhattan Institute for Policy Research |
| Mennenga, Lacinda | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Mentor, Madalyn | Berea College |
| Micklin, Anna T. | Evergreen State College |
| Mikkelsen, Jr., Edward | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Miller, Susan | Arizona State University |
| Millner, Darrell | Portland State University |
| Modica, Aaron | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Mohn, Stephen | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Mohr, James | University of Oregon |
| Molson, Jeannette | Independent Historian |
| Moore, Shirley Ann Wilson | California State University, Sacramento |
| Moyle, Clay | Independent Historian |
| Mulroy, Kevin | University of Southern California |
| Muratovic, Vildana | Independent Historian |
| Nash, Gary | University of California, Los Angeles |
| Nelson, H. Viscount | University of California, Los Angeles |
| Nichols, Casey | Stanford University |
| O'Brien, William P. | National Park Service |
| O'Connell, Deirdre | Independent Historian |
| O'Connor, Allison Marie | University of Washington, Seattle |
| O'Mara, Margaret | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Okocha, Victor | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Oldham, Kit | HistoryLink.org |
| Olsen, Winnifred | Thurston County (Wa.) Historical Commission |
| Opsahl, Alexander J. | Independent Historian |
| Orange, Tony | Central Area Motivation Program, Seattle |
| Ott, Chris | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Parker, Christopher | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Pascoe, Peggy | University of Oregon |
| Patterson, Tiffany Ruby | Vanderbilt University |
| Patterson, Vanessa LeAnne | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Patton, Tracey | University of Wyoming |
| Payne, Sharon McGriff- | Independent Historian |
| Pearson, Rudy | American River Community College, Sacramento |
| Pelton, Tristan Michael | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Pengra, Lilah Morton | Independent Historian |
| Perry, Jeffrey B. | Independent Historian |
| Peters, Paula J. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Peterson, Heather | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Pharr, Gwendolyn Epps | Norfolk State University |
| Phillips, Johanna | Independent Historian |
| Pietila, Antero | Independent Historian |
| Pijeaux, Jr., Lawrence | The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute |
| Pitre, Merline | Texas Southern University |
| Pitzer, Robert | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Pope-Levison, Priscilla | Seattle Pacific University |
| Pratt, Tiffany L. | Berea College |
| Pressly, Thomas J. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Pruitt, Bernadette | Sam Houston State University |
| Quintana, Maria L. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Rafael, Vicente L. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Rand-Caplan, Ramona L. | University of New Mexico |
| Ravage, John W. | Independent Historian |
| Reed, Wilson Edward | Seattle University |
| Reese, Linda W. | East Central University (Oklahoma) |
| Reynolds, Jacqueline | Howard University |
| Richards, Johnetta | San Francisco State University |
| Rivera, Alicia | University of California, Santa Barbara |
| Roberson, Jere W. | University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond |
| Robinette, Desiree | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Robinson, Edward J. | Abilene Christian University |
| Robinson, Greg | University of Quebec at Montreal |
| Rodriquez-Estrada, Alicia I. | Los Angeles Trade & Technical College |
| Rogers, Brittany Rose | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Rop, Jimmy | Berea College |
| Roth, Catherine | Independent Historian |
| Royster, Juana R. | Independent Historian |
| Ruffin II, Herbert G. | Syracuse University |
| Rupert, Allison | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Saldivar, Rhonda | Texas Southern University |
| Salo, Jessica Jina | Independent Historian |
| Salter, Daren | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Samuels, Wilfred D. | University of Utah |
| Sanders, Darsheikes | Berea College |
| Satter, Beryl | Rutgers University, Newark |
| Scates, Shelby | Independent Historian |
| Schubert, Frank "Mickey" | Independent Historian |
| Sclater, Karla Kelling | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Scott, Daryl Michael | Howard University |
| Searles, Michael N. | Augusta State University |
| Shabazz, Amilcar | University of Massachusetts, Amherst |
| Shine, Gregory Paynter | National Park Service |
| Simba, Malik | California State University, Fresno |
| Smith, Adam Christian | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Smith, Alonzo | Montgomery College (Maryland) |
| Smith, Eric A. | Independent Historian |
| Smith, John David | University of North Carolina at Charlotte |
| Snethen, Jessica | Independent Historian |
| So, Connie | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Soden, Dale | Whitworth University |
| Spearman, Judge Theodore (Ted) and Marie | Independent Historians |
| Spigner, Clarence | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Spratlen, Pamela | U.S. Department of State |
| Steptoe, Tyina | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Stevenson, Shanna | Olympia (Wa.) Heritage Commission |
| Stirling, Robert | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Stuckey, Melissa | University of Oregon |
| Sullivan, Erin | Arizona State University |
| Summers, Martin | Boston College |
| Sutherland, Claudia E. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Swan, Julia | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Takagi, Midori | Western Washington University |
| Tamblyn, George | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Taylor, Quintard | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Teal, Christopher | U.S. Department of State |
| Terenzi, Alipio | Independent Historian |
| Tesfa, Hasan | Berea College |
| Tesfaye, Woubakal | Independent Historian |
| Tesfu, Julianna | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Thomas, Barbara Earl | Northwest African American Museum, Seattle |
| Thomas, Crystal D. | Berea College |
| Thompson, Kathleen | OneHistory.org |
| Tidwell, John Edgar | University of Kansas |
| Tolly, Victor | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Touré, Maelenn-Kégni | University of Nantes (France) |
| Tsuchiya, Kazuyo | Kanagawa University, Japan |
| Turner, Melissa | Independent Historian |
| Uzelac, Constance Porter | Independent Historian |
| Van Houten, Matt | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Veitenhans, Coley | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Velasquez, Maria-Elena | Independent Historian |
| Von Lehman, Katie | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Wada, Kayomi | University of Washington, Tacoma |
| Waggoner, Cassandra | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Wagner, Tricia Martineau | Independent Historian |
| Wallace, Marcus | Independent Historian |
| Wallace, Yvonne Tollette | Independent Historian |
| Walton, Peter | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Walton-Raji, Angela | University of Maryland, Baltimore County |
| Wang, Tabitha C. | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Ward, Andrew | Independent Historian |
| Ward, Robert V. Jr. | Dean, Southern New England School of Law |
| Wartts, Adrienne | Independent Historian |
| Washington, Guy M. | National Park Service |
| Watson, Elwood | East Tennessee State University |
| Westbrook, Ariana | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Whitaker, Matthew C. | Arizona State University |
| White, Claytee D. | University of Nevada at Las Vegas |
| Wiggs, Fred | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Williams, Mary L. | National Park Service |
| Willix, Mary | Independent Historian |
| Wilson, Cynthia | Black Genealogy Research Group |
| Winter, Elizabeth | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Winter, Kari J. | State University of New York at Buffalo |
| Wirth, Nikolaus | University of Augsburg (Germany) |
| Wolcott, Victoria W. | University of Rochester |
| Woods, Warren Dawson III | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Yee, Shirley | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Yoo, Jiwon Amy | Columbia University |
| Yoon, Christina Jin | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Young, Eugene "Skip" Jr. | Independent Historian |
| Young, Margaret Blair | Brigham Young University (Utah) |
| Yu, Karlson | University of Washington, Seattle |
| Zellar, Gary | University of Saskatchewan |
| Zick, William J. | Independent Historian |
BlackPast.org is an independent non-profit corporation 501(c)(3). It has no affiliation with nor is it endorsed by the University of Washington. BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations.
